Gulf War Syndrome Essay - 3736 Words

Gulf War Syndrome The Gulf War Syndrome was identified after the Gulf War in 1991. Thousands of troops from the US, British, and Canadian developed symptoms after the war. This Syndrome has been researched since the end of the Gulf War and still not all the answers have been found. Not only have thousands of troops suffered from this syndrome, but also their families have developed some symptoms related to this syndrome. It is important to inform our nation of this new disease because there is still no cure, and GWS can be our next conflict relating to AIDS and Cancer. This research is dedicated to people who are uneducated about Gulf War Syndrome. After reading many articles about Gulf War Syndrome there is still no†¦show more content†¦Syndrome-2 or Confusion-ataxia; Syndrome - characterized by problems with thinking and reasoning processes such as reading, writing, and spelling: getting confused; getting disoriented when trying to locate a car in a parking lot; having problems with ba lance; having a physicians diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, or liver disease; and sexual impotence ( Gulf War Illnesses Broken Down Into Three Primary Syndromes; 2). Syndrome-3 or Artho-myo-neuropathy; Syndrome - characterized by generalized joint and muscle pains, increased difficulty lifting heavy objects, fatigue, and tingling or numbness of the hands, arms, feet, and legs ( Gulf War Illnesses Broken Down Into Three Primary Syndromes; 1-2). The Gulf War Syndrome has over 20 symptoms that have been reported by the veterans of the Gulf War. According to Stephen Straus in the journal The Lancet, over 50,000 troops returned as changed men. Reports showed of vascular instability, hyperventilation, bacilliuria, and other physiological and laboratory anomalies in the Gulf War veterans. When the problem began to exist, the US alone funded $ 115,000,000 for targeted research on the unknown syndrome. Four thousand gulf war veterans and men who also served in Bosnia were mailed questionnaires about deployment, exposures, symptoms, and illnesses. The main finding was that the Gulf WarShow MoreRelatedGulf War Syndrome Essay652 Words   |  3 PagesGulf Wa r Syndrome One part of being an American, is giving yourself to your country when deemed necessary. In 1991, the United States took action in the Gulf War, where many US solders were sent. In fact, a total of 697,000 solders took part in the Gulf War. And of that amount, 6% (about 45,000) veterans have reported an ailment related to this war. Much chaos arose from these sicknesses, and from this a syndrome was born. The syndrome is called the Gulf War Syndrome. Wether this is mythRead MoreMemories Of The Gulf War Syndrome1619 Words   |  7 Pages9 MEMORY LOSS IN GULF WAR SYNDROME Katherine Krishun What Causes Memory Loss in Gulf War Syndrome? Chemical Exposure or Stress? PSY 101/112 10/24/2016 ​Gulf War Syndrome is a chronic multi symptom illness affecting 250,000 of the 697,000 1991 Desert Storm Gulf War veterans. Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans may also suffer from this syndrome. The Veterans Administration â€Å"refers to these illnesses as â€Å"chronic multi symptom illness† and â€Å"undiagnosed illnesses†Read More War CANNOT Be Justified by any Party or any Reason Essay1884 Words   |  8 PagesKorean War, which occurred in June, 25, 1950? The conflict between ideologies caused this war with tens of millions killed, millions of families separated, the country reduced to rubble, and a huge permanent scar on Korea’s culture. Then, Vietnam War, Gulf War, or Iraq war can sound familiar to you. Let’s change point to the number of dead bodies from wars themselves. Can you guess how many people got killed during all of those war periods? Only for Vietnam War, the true civilians of Vietnam War wereRead MoreThe Battle Of The Gulf War116 5 Words   |  5 Pagesresearch conducted on online (internet) and offline (non-internet) in reference to the Gulf War also known under other names such as The Persian Gulf War, First Gulf War, Gulf War I, Kuwait War, First Iraq War, or Iraq War. The Articles though similar vary in the information. Finlan (2003) gives a breakdown the coalition forces, Sadam Husain invading Kuwait, Global impact and casualties. CNN.com and Gulf War link offer very similar time while but some facts are not identical, both articles examineRead More Causes and Effects of the Persian Gulf War Essay717 Words   |  3 PagesCauses and Effects of the Persian Gulf War The Persian Gulf War, often referred to as Operation Desert Storm, was perhaps one of the most successful war campaigns in the history of warfare. Saddam Hussein, leader of Iraq, invaded Kuwait in 1990. In 1991, after weeks of air strikes, US ground forces entered Iraq and Kuwait and eliminated Iraqi presence in 60 hours. Why Would Iraq invade Kuwait? Kuwait supplies much of the world’s oil supplies, and when Hussein invaded Kuwait, he controlledRead MoreThe Persian Gulf War : Operation Desert Storm1009 Words   |  5 PagesThe Persian Gulf War: Operation Desert Storm In August 1990 the leader of Iraq, Saddam Hussein commanded his military to invade Kuwait. Refugees fled Kuwait, as many citizens were robbed, assaulted, and looted. Kuwait is a small country located at the North-Western end of the Persian Gulf, this gulf separates South Western Asia and the Arabian Peninsula. Saddam Hussein was well known to be a ruthless dictator. Leaving this to be the first time a UN member nation had invaded one of its fellow UNRead MoreThe Persian Gulf War : Operation Desert Storm1013 Words   |  5 PagesKeerthana Senthil St. Clair Afri-Asian 9 19 February 2015 The Persian Gulf War: Operation Desert Storm In August 1990 the leader of Iraq, Saddam Hussein commanded his military to invade Kuwait. Leaving this to be the first time a United Member Nation had attacked just one of its fellow United Member Nation. Kuwait is a small country located at the North-Western end of the Persian Gulf, this gulf separates South Western Asia and the Arabian Peninsula. Saddam Hussein was known to be a ruthlessRead MoreAmerica s Recent Diplomatic Initiatives870 Words   |  4 Pageswas in office during the Persian Gulf war, which took place in 1990-1991. The war was started by Iraq which was led by Saddam Hussein at the time. Iraq invaded Kuwait, which is Iraq s smaller neighbor to the south (Gulf War. 2016, May 31). Iraq claimed the country as an Iraqi territory. The U.S. intervened by invading and pushing back the Iraqis. Later politicians would say that President Bush failed to stop Saddam Hussein, instead leaving him in power (Gulf War. 2016, May 31). After the U.S. endedRead More Gulf War Essay221 5 Words   |  9 PagesGulf War I. Introduction - Why did a coalition of over 30 nations find it was necessary to go to war to help Kuwait after it was invaded by Iraq? How did the coalition defeat the Iraqis? And although the coalition won there were many consequences to face when the war ended. II. Reasons for war a. Saddam Hussein b. Iraq’s’ Economic Crisis c. Oil d. Disputes over Boundary III. Forming of the Coalition a. Nations joining the Coalition b. Coalition Strategy c. Iraqi StrategyRead More War Creates Social Division, Not Cohesion Essay5403 Words   |  22 PagesWar Creates Social Division, Not Cohesion In attempts to truthfully learn from our past and make progress towards a peaceful world with equality for all, the topic of war, and the effects of war, is an importance issue. Many people believe that war, although obviously destructive, does lead to social cohesion within the particular nation-state at war. The Senate of Canada defines social cohesion as the capacity of citizens living under different social or economic circumstances to live together

The Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde Essay

Richard Louis Stevenson’s novella The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde delves into the issue of the duality of man and the meaning behind how a person presents themself. This allegorical story contains several passages in which the thematic significance to the plot is extremely prevalent, but the passage in which Mr. Utterson confronts Dr. Jekyll about the implications of his will provides insight into how even when the men disagree, they both understand the importance of maintaining the appearance of friends. The passage, which consists of the chapter of â€Å"Dr. Jekyll Was Quite at Ease†, describes a dinner scene held at Dr. Jekyll’s home where Mr. Utterson attempts to retrieve some information about Dr. Jekyll’s will and to whom he has decided to leave his belongings.The passage itself creates a scene where Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Utterson are asserting their stature and helps develop the idea that a man’s reputation is one of the most importa nt things throughout this time period. Throughout this novella, the characters’ reputation remains of utmost importance to how they see themselves in the community, and also reflects an importance of maintaining appearances, no matter the consequence of suspicion of wrongdoing. The chapter of â€Å"Dr. Jekyll Was Quite at Ease† provides a unique glimpse into the importance reputation plays in the lives of not only Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Utterson, but of most people in the Victorian Age, and how even when they disagree, the language they useShow MoreRelatedThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1675 Words   |  7 PagesThe Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Essay Robert Louis Stevenson’s novella, â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde,† is a type of Gothic literature. In the beginning of the story when Stevenson is describing the lawyer, one â€Å"Mr. Utterson,† the mood is a bit dull. At first glance the reader may think that this story would be a bit boring and drab. Stevenson’s story is far from being another dull piece of British English literature. The setting and mood of this novella are more complexRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1440 Words   |  6 Pagescomplexity of human nature in his books, especially in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, and Kidnapped. The former is about a lawyer named Mr. Utterson seeking out the truth of Dr. Jekyll’s very strange will. He finds out that Jekyll was transforming himself into Mr. Hyde so that he could have the freedom to do whatever he wanted no matter how evil. By the time Utterson finds all this out and findsJekyll, he is too late and Jekyll has already killed himself. The latter is about David BalfourRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1196 Words   |  5 Pageswhich do let control you? The good or evil? This was a question that Dr. Jekyll from the book, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, could not answer. The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a book about a man who cannot control the two sides of himself, causing him to do terrible things and not even be aware of it. The theme of this book is good versus evil. Dr. Jekyll is fighting his evil side, known as Mr. Hyde, throughout the book. Some people believe that the book’s theme hasRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde Essay975 Words   |  4 PagesStevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a novella that follows the basic outline established by Mary Shelley in Frankenstein. However, Stevenson’s monster is not created from body parts but comes from the dark side of the human personality. In both novels, a man conducts a secret experiment that gets out of control. The result of these experiments is the release of a double, or doppelganger, which causes damage to their creator. While most people think that The Strange Case of Dr. JekyllRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde938 Words   |  4 PagesVictorian Hopes and Fears Involving Science as Found in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde During the Victorian Era there was a great race to use science to alleviate the suffering of the ill, specifically for those patients who were suffering from ailments of the mind. While some of the methods used to diagnose and treat such afflictions would be considered barbaric in nature by today’s standards, they were considered cutting edge medical science during the time of the Victorian Era. It was also consideredRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1505 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the latter portion of the nineteenth century, Robert Louis Stevenson published his novella, The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. The fin de sià ¨cle saw the rise of different thoughts and ideas surrounding science and society. These concepts and interpretations sparked the discourse surrounding the theory of degeneration; which was the concern that civilization would fall to a lower state of being. This chapter will be reading multiplex personality as a manifestation of th is broader culturalRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde964 Words   |  4 PagesThe Strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, written by Robert Louis Stevenson was published in 1886. The story is published during the Victorian era, the Victorian era was an age of repression, there was no violence, no sexual appetite, and there was no great expression or emotion. In the story, Dr. Jekyll creates a potion that turns him into Mr. Hyde, Mr. Hyde is the complete opposite of what people are in the Victorian era. At first, Dr. Jekyll is in control of Mr. Hyde, but towards the end MrRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1290 Words   |  6 PagesThe novella The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll Mr. Hyde took place throughout the time period of prosperity, when Queen Victoria came to the throne in 1837, due to the expansion of the British Empire and the industrial revolution. Because of this, Great Britain had become primarily the world s most powerful superpower. In spite of Queen Victoria becoming a powerful leader, the social morality changed from rationalism to romanticism, which in turn transformed the society of art, literature, politicsRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1012 Words   |  5 PagesRobert Louis Stevenson’s â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde† is a classic Victorian tale of good and evil. The novel tells the story of Dr. Henry Jekyll, a respected scientist who so desperately needs to separate his morality from his self-indulgence. Aware of the evil side of his own being, he seeks to be free of it through scientific experiments resulting into the â€Å"bestial† Mr. Hyde. It’s a simple tale about the good and evil that exist in all of us. Through his brilliance, StevensonRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1739 Words   |  7 Pagesnovel â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr Hyde† by Robert Louis Stevenson, the novel â€Å"Frankenstein† by Mary Shelley, the short story â€Å"The Monkey’s Paw† by W.W Jacobs and the short story â€Å"Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. These four texts convey this theme through the use of gothic conventions such as death, madness and darkness. In the novels The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson and Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, Frankenstein and Dr. Jekyll are wrongly The Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde Essay In the novella, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson, I believe that Dr. Henry Jekyll suffers from a severe case of addiction; an addiction to his evil counterpart, Mr. Hyde, whom allows him to experience and indulge in the pleasures of his evilness without repercussions or disgracing his highly respected name in the community.Dr. Jekyll’s obsession with good and evil and discovering a way to separate the two, as well as his refusal to give up Hyde are all components of his addiction. It is Jekyll’s obsession with the â€Å"pleasures† that only the other half of his personality can provide, that he cannot give up. Some of the common symptoms of addiction are denial, withdrawal, dependence, excessive intake and seclusion. I strongly believe Dr. Jekyll suffers from addiction due to the fact that he has exhibited these signs numeruosly throughout the text. According to the American Society of Addiction Medicine, â€Å"Psychological addiction, as opposed to physiological addiction, is a person s need to use a drug or engage in a behavior despite the harm caused out of desire for the effects it produces, rather than to relieve withdrawal symptoms. Instead of an actual physiological dependence on a drug, such as heroin, psychological addiction usually develops out of habits that relieve symptoms of loneliness or anxiety. As the drug is indulged, it becomes associated with the release of pleasure-inducing endorphins, and a cycle is started that is similarShow MoreRelatedThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1675 Words   |  7 PagesThe Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Essay Robert Louis Stevenson’s novella, â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde,† is a type of Gothic literature. In the beginning of the story when Stevenson is describing the lawyer, one â€Å"Mr. Utterson,† the mood is a bit dull. At first glance the reader may think that this story would be a bit boring and drab. Stevenson’s story is far from being another dull piece of British English literature. The setting and mood of this novella are more complexRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1440 Words   |  6 Pagescomplexity of human nature in his books, especially in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, and Kidnapped. The former is about a lawyer named Mr. Utterson seeking out the truth of Dr. Jekyll’s very strange will. He finds out that Jekyll was transforming himself into Mr. Hyde so that he could have the freedom to do whatever he wanted no matter how evil. By the time Utterson finds all this out and findsJekyll, he is too late and Jekyll has already killed himself. The latter is about David BalfourRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1196 Words   |  5 Pageswhich do let control you? The good or evil? This was a question that Dr. Jekyll from the book, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, could not answer. The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a book about a man who cannot control the two sides of himself, causing him to do terrible things and not even be aware of it. The theme of this book is good versus evil. Dr. Jekyll is fighting his evil side, known as Mr. Hyde, throughout the book. Some people believe that the book’s theme hasRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde Essay975 Words   |  4 PagesStevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a novella that follows the basic outline established by Mary Shelley in Frankenstein. However, Stevenson’s monster is not created from body parts but comes from the dark side of the human personality. In both novels, a man conducts a secret experiment that gets out of control. The result of these experiments is the release of a double, or doppelganger, which causes damage to their creator. While most people think that The Strange Case of Dr. JekyllRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde938 Words   |  4 PagesVictorian Hopes and Fears Involving Science as Found in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde During the Victorian Era there was a great race to use science to alleviate the suffering of the ill, specifically for those patients who were suffering from ailments of the mind. While some of the methods used to diagnose and treat such afflictions would be considered barbaric in nature by today’s standards, they were considered cutting edge medical science during the time of the Victorian Era. It was also consideredRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1505 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the latter portion of the nineteenth century, Robert Louis Stevenson published his novella, The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. The fin de sià ¨cle saw the rise of different thoughts and ideas surrounding science and society. These concepts and interpretations sparked the discourse surrounding the theory of degeneration; which was the concern that civilization would fall to a lower state of being. This chapter will be reading multiplex personality as a manifestation of th is broader culturalRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde964 Words   |  4 PagesThe Strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, written by Robert Louis Stevenson was published in 1886. The story is published during the Victorian era, the Victorian era was an age of repression, there was no violence, no sexual appetite, and there was no great expression or emotion. In the story, Dr. Jekyll creates a potion that turns him into Mr. Hyde, Mr. Hyde is the complete opposite of what people are in the Victorian era. At first, Dr. Jekyll is in control of Mr. Hyde, but towards the end MrRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1739 Words   |  7 Pagesnovel â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr Hyde† by Robert Louis Stevenson, the novel â€Å"Frankenstein† by Mary Shelley, the short story â€Å"The Monkey’s Paw† by W.W Jacobs and the short story â€Å"Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. These four texts convey this theme through the use of gothic conventions such as death, madness and darkness. In the novels The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson and Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, Frankenstein and Dr. Jekyll are wronglyRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1290 Words   |  6 PagesThe novella The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll Mr. Hyde took place throughout the time period of prosperity, when Queen Victoria came to the throne in 1837, due to the expansion of the British Empire and the industrial revolution. Because of this, Great Britain had become primarily the world s most powerful superpower. In spite of Queen Victoria becoming a powerful leader, the social morality changed from rationalism to romanticism, which in turn transformed the society of art, literature, politicsRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1012 Words   |  5 PagesRobert Louis Stevenson’s â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde† is a classic Victorian tale of good and evil. The novel tells the story of Dr. Henry Jekyll, a respected scientist who so desperately needs to separate his morality from his self-indulgence. Aware of the evil side of his own being, he seeks to be free of it through scientific experiments resulting into the â€Å"bestial† Mr. Hyde. It’s a simple tale about the good and evil that exist in all of us. Through his brilliance, Stevenson

Segregation Gender in School will not benefit anyone Free Essays

We all wonder if segregating boys and girls are the right thing to do. Studies show that boys learn at a slower rate than girls and that it would be fair if the boys learn separately and learn at a slower pace. I disagree; I don’t believe that boys and girls should like segregate for various reasons. We will write a custom essay sample on Segregation Gender in School will not benefit anyone or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some of the most important reason that can cause harm when segregating boys and girls is either negatively influencing children, learning experiences, or gender stereotypes (â€Å"Segregate Boys Girls at School? â€Å"). A University Studies found that girls improve boy’s grades at school. By not having a segregation it allow boys and girls to have a more effective learning experience and won’t cause stereotypes among each other. Studies show that even if boys learn slower than girls, they start to learn equally once they reach university level. We also have to think about, is it fair for the girls if the boys are going to be taught easier because they are one year behind than girls. Is it true that boys will improve on their academic if there was a segregation, no, why? Because boys who have more classes with female peers show higher enrolment rates in both Advance math and science classes and benefits grades for both genders. By having girls in the same classes as boys, they will help them with their assignment and project because girls tend to not be lazy than boys and tend to finish on time unlike boys. Boys tend to not care about school as much as girls and tend to have lower grades. If boys are separate from girls, most likely their grade would fall, because there would no motivation for the boys. Also, if there is a segregation that occurs, there would be a lot of competition between the boys and girls which can lead to great success but also not so great. What I mean it’s not so great; well think about it, if there is a competition between boys and girls academic, would boys actually work hard and win, most likely no because like I said most boys don’t care about school, they slack on homework and such so why work hard now to win. I think it’s best for boys and girls to be in the same classes working together, and help each other out so one another don’t slack and be lazy. Boys and girls would learn more effectively because there will be chances for them to hear the opinions of their class mate, which can help them learn from others, other than the teacher. It would be fair if boys and girls are taught equal and with the same technique because when it comes to marking test and assignment, everyone is learning the same thing and the same way so no cheating will occur. When boys and girls work in groups, they can help each other and have their own opinions about the topic, this way it helps the student learn from one another and be able to work well later on in life. When they start working, it would be easy for girls because they know how boys think and can reflect on their opinions and understand them well. Communication is a big factor in our society, and mostly when learnt at a younger age in school so that boys and girls aren’t socially awkward when they are older and if not it can cause a lot of difficulty to speak to other people. Boys and girls have to face the different gender in their life for example, dating and marriage, well of course they face the other gender at home and after school, but because we spend so much time at school; 6 hours, 5 times a week, it’s easier and faster for them to face it during this period of time. They will learn to have a better communication skill at work place and other places involving a lot of talking with opposite sex. To improve on their communication skill, they are put in groups with equal part boys and girls and once they are put in those groups for assignment and such, they will have to learn to communicate with each other to get a decent mark in that class. Also presentation, they will have to learn to present both sides opinions to their classmates. It’s also fair for the boys and girls because it allows them to communicate and understand each other better than having to only listen to only one gender opinion. Communication Therefore, I do not agree with segregating boys and girls because of those reasons I stated above. Like I said it would be more effective for both genders if they work together and hear one another opinion and not just the same sex opinion. By having girls in the same classes as boys will motivate them to work hard and to impress them, because what can I say, smart boys are attractive and when boys know that they tend to work harder. Also better communication skills with both genders because they’re at school 5 times a week and 6 hours a day, so it’s best for them to learn communication during those periods of time. Basically what I’m trying to say is that, it’s not a great idea to segregate boys and girls, it’s the nature of learning and growing up. How to cite Segregation Gender in School will not benefit anyone, Papers

Impact on the Australian International Business for Communication

Question: Discuss about theImpact on the Australian International Business for Communication. Answer: Introduction Increased benefits are being derived from cross-cultural and multinational businesses such as knowledge that is diverse and new exciting, insightful approaches to dealing with problems that businesses face. Despite the new derived benefits from carrying out international business their certain stumbling blocks in regards to international business and culture (Hult News, 2017). There are numerous ways that one can define culture, but in simple terms, culture is a set of norms that are accepted and shared by society. However, when looking at culture in the international context that is business oriented, it is notable that what a professional from one country deems acceptable is not acceptable at all in another country. To excel in the global business environment then, recognizing and understanding how culture affects business that operates internationally in three core areas is crucial. The areas include communication, organizational hierarchy, and etiquette, and by understanding the areas, any business working at international levels can eliminate any misunderstanding with clients and colleagues from abroad resulting to good business (Hult News, 2017). In any business, local or international communication is fundamental and collaborative activity. Goods and services exchange takes place through close coordination of many people sometimes within a single area and at times across a global distance. To coordinate at such levels, communication becomes essential as specifications of a complex product and schedules of production require understanding that is mutual. Moreover, in any business, negotiating of deals is crucial, and thus effective communication can guarantee success in such deals. Around the world, styles of communication are enormous and contribute to staggering styles of business that are different in a variety of forms. Countries such as Australia and others in the western European roots such as Canada, New Zealand rely heavily on low-context communication while the rest of the world lean towards high-context communication (Hooker , 2008). The paper will look into the communication differences and cultural impact on the I nternational business about Australia with hopes of understanding how contemporary international business issues impact on a countrys business abroad. Analysis In any business, making contacts is an inevitable activity, and the difference in communication context among countries affects the drawing up of contracts. Western contracts such as those drawn in Australia and Canada are very thorough where a simple transaction such as renting a car for an hour may need almost 3 pages of print to state the terms of the deal with any suspectible contingency. In such a contract, when signing takes place, it leaves no room for any sort of flexibility in the terms unless the party to the contract sit down and conclude to alter the terms if they deem that they are both losing. Despite the inflexibility, parties to the contract are always expected to deliver, and failure to do so results in an enforced compliance from the legal systems. On the other hand, contracts that rely on high-context communication have a difference in character due to two major reasons. One reason is that in high-context communication, it is unnecessary to write everything down si nce a simple gesture as a handshake becomes a mutual understanding. When the contract is written, it becomes a mere memorandum of understanding rather than taking it just as a legally binding document. In such communication, the terms are deemed very complex thus creating room for adjustments if need be as the contracting parties are more likely to depend on the relationships of trust that pre-exist rather than place reliance on legal systems. Secondly, contracts that depend on high context communication understand that the very idea of contracts exists only in partictlar cultures, mainly those which aremanipulated historically. The view which a Westerner has when it comes to doing deals is the same view such an individual has when doing business. A convents idea is fundamental to the culture and is also seen to govern the relationship between humans and God in the Old Testament as inscribed in the Christian Bible (Hooker , 2008). However, in a culture that is Confucian, doing business is mainly about relational development that is personal and that are based on family and clan connections. Also, in such cultures undertaking business relies on mutual an obligation that is known as guanxi, a term in Chinese that indicates connections. Therefore, in high-context communication, business arrangements and plans grow along with relationships rather than through communications that are written formally in contracts. Managers in other areas of the world that work with Western low-context communication countries such as Australia draw up contracts to please them but not because they require the contract. By going into such contracts with such countries, the organizations feel trapped as they feel that they require to adjust and amend the contractual terms as soon as the next day after signing the document. They feel enslaved by one piece of paper in a world that is constantly changing and in certain extent may not desi re to do business with such countries that hold them back due to bureaucracy (Hooker , 2008). Decision making and negotiation are essential in business and even more important in every cross-cultural business. In the Western negotiations, a yes may not necessarily mean yes, it may be a maybe and at times the maybe may mean no. When such countries say yes their indication is at times an understanding or an acknowledgment of a proposal. Once the proposal is unsatisfactory, the response that they send indirectly consist of statements such as lets take the time to think about it. In Japanese, for instance, silence or non-follow up of next meeting brings forth a particular meaning to them that were not intended by the other party to the negotiation. When dealing with such indirect high-context communications to pass the message across, reliance is crucial. In the international negotiation, there is always a misunderstanding that is as a result of the way of communication, and most businesses try their best not to offend the other party. Indirect communication that comes forth from indirect speech used by parties to the negotiation occurs in situations where the parties disagree not only in the negotiation but also when discussing a decision or when conflicts require resolutions (Hooker , 2008). The Westerners are always open in such settings as their way of communication affects the situation at hand that the parties are making an effort to solve. Parties in a disagreement state their views openly since their difference in resolution relies on objectives standards where the view that wins is that which has plenty of backing from stronger arguments, calculations from a spreadsheet or the market force logic. Despite the closure of the argument and finding their predicament unpleasant, there is always the expectation that they will subject their feelings to a criterion that is objective. In most parts of the world business, people have plenty of faith in objectivity as life revolves around relations that humans build rather than what are seen as universal rules of logic. Since there is no independent standard to resolve conflict, it is essential therefore for parties in a negotiation not to give offense at the very first place. However, it is not easy for such scruples to appl y in transactions that are transient especially interacting with strangers. Nevertheless, when dealing with associates in business with whom one must ensure a working relationship, it is imperative for the parties to maintain harmony through courtesy, indirection, and deference. The low context communicators in a negotiation meeting expect consideration of the pro and cons and at times expect to arrive at a decision on the spot. The participants to such a negotiation are expected to openly express their opinion, provide backup for their views with arguments and facts. On the other hand, high context communicators that depend on such culture expect deliberations and decision making to take place behind the scenes and at high levels. To them, A meeting is a venue to announce and explain their decision. In a culture which is relationship-based with regards to negotiations, the very concept as it is understood in the West may result in problems. It is not uncommon for such negotiation to get viewed as confrontations that come to undermine harmony. Negotiations to westerners are a poker game where players can lose without resentment as long as the players adhere to the set rules. Such rules are not acknowledged, and only the relationships that are human are considered as real thus crucial to foster good relations that are dependent on trust. Westerners face difficulties in bargaining in a traditional market set up as the conventions are very specific to the culture and require learning over an extended period. The difference in the communication styles between the parties is crucial in behavior regulation. The norm in the Western countries is that communication should be in writing while in the high context culture communication is not always written. The westerners employees may find it offensive to get punished for unwritten communication as they believe they cannot know better unless someone writes, but in high context cultures, correction by an individual is just a way of communicating and regulating behavior(Okoro, 2012). For instance, differences in culture and communication have affected the way Australia does business with other countries. For example, when doing business with China, eating in a banquet is a common business culture. It is impolite to finish your meal as it symbolizes generosity to the host of the banquet. It is also crucial to bring gifts to the dinner and normally there is the expectation that you will refuse the gift before accepting it. It is hard to carry out b usiness with then Chinese if you are offended by the elders spitting in public as it is an expected behavior for them and the sake of the business deal, it is expected the parties to come into agreement in cognizant with the diverse cultures. When giving a business card to them, there is always an expectation that it is done with both hands. Failure to adhere to such societal set standards of behavior may terminate the business before it starts (International Blog). The Australian and the Canadians expect employees to participate less in the decision-making process in the organization. Thus, the production in Japan is very hierarchical. In the Japanese setting, individualism is not encouraged in the work setting unlike in Australia as the Japanese show more preference to groups in conferring identity and status. In countries like Japan, masculinity is expected to get portrayed as a sign of competitiveness as opposed to behavior nurturing which is witnessed in Australia. In Japan, the producers prefer clear plans and policies and procedures in any joint while the Canadian and Australian producers prefer discretion that matches with ambiguity. It is evident that the Japanese and the Australian work under different environments and this will affect their international business as employees who work within their international branches may face conflicts and hard times (McFadyen , Hoskins, Finn ). Conclusion Different Cultures have different ways of communication which affect the way parties undertake the business internationally. It is crucial for a business to understand the culture to those countries it conducts business with so as to ensure effective and efficient communication leading to successful partnership. Failure to communicate appropriately results in misunderstanding affecting the contracts, the work environment and the negotiations between the parties from different countries. The miscommunication hinder the progress of business in the contemporary global market, and therefore management cannot ignore the influence to which the different cultures will have on the development of the organization. The Western countries communicate differently with their counterpart in other regions of the world. Western countries communicate using the low cultural context communication which affects the contracts, negotiations, and behavior. Culture and communication. Organizations in Austral ia are negatively impacted by such communication as it interferes with their business deals. It is thus the role of the management to find ways that can help in adapting to the change and difference in culture to accommodate the rest of the world into their business. It is up to the businesses to adopt training of its employees to enhance the way they carry out business with the world. The global market is not forgiving to those that neglect cultural impact on international businesses. Reference List Hooker, J. (2008). Cultural Differences in Business Communication. In C. B. Paulston. Tepper School of Business Carnegie Mellon University. Hult News. (2017, January 6). 11 Biggest Challenges of International Business in 2017. Retrieved May 10, 2017, from www.hult.edu: https://www.hult.edu/news/international-business-challenges/ Hult News. (2017, January 19). Culture influence international business in 2017. Retrieved May 10, 2017, from www.hult.edu: https://www.hult.edu/news/cultural-differences-impact-international-business/ International Blog. (2015, January 12). Cultural Differences Between Australia and China. Retrieved May 10, 2017, from blogs.acu.edu.au: https://blogs.acu.edu.au/international/16898/cultural-differences-china/ McFadyen, S., Hoskins, C., Finn, A. (n.d.). The Effect of Cultural Differences on the International Co-production of Television Programs and Feature Films. Communication, 23(4). Okoro, E. (2012, June). Cross-Cultural Etiquette and Communication in Global Business: Towards a Strategic Framework for Managing Corporate Expansion. International Journal of Business Management, 7(16), 1833-8119.